Global tables have data that are shared among all the companies in the database. Example of a global table in standard NAV is the user and permissions tables. You create a global table by setting the DataPerCompany property on the table to No. Global tables are normally something you would stay away from if possible since it creates some complications when moving companies between databases etc.
C/AL is the programming language in Dynamics NAV. C/AL stands for Client/Server Application Language and it resembles the Pascal language.
I am a big fan of ‘learning by doing’, which in an ERP environment could be quite dangerous. 🙂 You want to start with learning the basics through some training (there are many partners that provides this) and get the Microsoft certifications (good way of setting an initial goal I think). Then continue building your experience with tasks that are low risk, like creating reports, adding fields, etc. Working along a more experienced developer is a good way of learning what to do and what to not do.
C/SIDE stands for Client/Server Integrated Development Environment and is the development environment within NAV. In the ‘old days’ when the classic client where used, you could use any of the clients to develop and make changes to the software. Now NAV has a dedicated development environment and multiple separate clients (windows client, web client, SharePoint client, tablet client, etc..).